![]() ![]() P values are often considered the most widely misinterpreted concepts in all of statistics, often oversimplified to "the probability your outcome was due to chance". This calculator only uses two-tailed P values. They are reported as a decimal between 0 and 1, with some threshold (usually 0.05) deemed the significance critical value. While still widely used in scientific research, misuse of P values is at the heart of what is referred to as the " replicability crisis". ![]() P values help researchers avoid publication errors, specifically Type I Errors. P values (or probability values) are used in hypothesis testing to represent the chance that, assuming the null hypothesis is true, you could observe the result in your study or one even more extreme. ![]()
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